Rastinejad F, Conboy MJ, Rando TJ, and Blau, HM, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5332 USA.

NMU2, a nondifferentiating mutant myogenic cell line, gives rise to rhabdomyosarcomas in mice. We show that constitutive expression of RNA from 0.2 kb of the alpha tropomyosin (Tm) untranslated region (UTR), but not control 3'UTRs, suppresses anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation by NMU2 cells. When beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-labeled cells were implanted into muscles of adult mouse hindlimbs, Tm 3'UTR expression suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and destruction of muscle tissues characteristic of NMU2. In the rare tumors that developed from Tm 3'UTR transfectants, RNA expression was extinguished. These results suggest that suppression of tumorigenicity is dependent on the continued expression of Tm transcripts lacking a coding region. We conclude that untranslated RNAs can function as regulators (riboregulators) that supress tumor formation.

Related References for this article from PubMed:

1:  Rastinejad F, Conboy MJ, Rando TA, Blau HM.
 Tumor suppression by RNA from the 3' untranslated region of alpha-tropomyosin.
Cell. 1993 Dec 17;75(6):1107-17.
PMID: 7505203 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

2:  Rastinejad F, Blau HM.
 Genetic complementation reveals a novel regulatory role for 3' untranslated
regions in growth and differentiation.
Cell. 1993 Mar 26;72(6):903-17.
PMID: 8384533 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

3:  Prasad GL, Fuldner RA, Cooper HL.
 Expression of transduced tropomyosin 1 cDNA suppresses neoplastic growth of
cells transformed by the ras oncogene.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Aug 1;90(15):7039-43.
PMID: 8346214 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4:  Janssen RA, Mier JW.
 Tropomyosin-2 cDNA lacking the 3' untranslated region riboregulator induces
growth inhibition of v-Ki-ras-transformed fibroblasts.
Mol Biol Cell. 1997 May;8(5):897-908.
PMID: 9168473 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5:  Hiti AL, Bogenmann E, Gonzales F, Jones PA.
 Expression of the MyoD1 muscle determination gene defines differentiation
capability but not tumorigenicity of human rhabdomyosarcomas.
Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Nov;9(11):4722-30.
PMID: 2601695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

6:  L'ecuyer TJ, Schutte BC, Mendel KA, Morris E, Fulton AB.
 Muscle-specific transcription factors in fibroblasts expressing the
alpha-striated tropomyosin 3' untranslated region.
Mol Genet Metab. 1999 Jul;67(3):213-26.
PMID: 10381329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7:  Boyd J, Risinger JI, Wiseman RW, Merrick BA, Selkirk JK, Barrett JC.
 Regulation of microfilament organization and anchorage-independent growth by
tropomyosin 1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 5;92(25):11534-8.
PMID: 8524798 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8:  Fang HL, L'Ecuyer TJ.
 Identification and cloning of a new protein that binds the 3(') untranslated
region of alpha-striated tropomyosin.
Mol Genet Metab. 2002 Jun;76(2):111-22.
PMID: 12083808 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9:  Masuda A, Takenaga K, Kondoh F, Fukami H, Utsumi K, Okayama H.
 Role of a signal transduction pathway which controls disassembly of
microfilament bundles and suppression of high-molecular-weight tropomyosin
expression in oncogenic transformation of NRK cells.
Oncogene. 1996 May 16;12(10):2081-8.
PMID: 8668333 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10:  Takenaga K, Nakamura Y, Sakiyama S.
 Suppression of synthesis of tropomyosin isoform 2 in metastatic
v-Ha-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Dec 30;157(3):1111-6.
PMID: 3061377 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11:  Wang XY, McCubrey JA.
 Malignant transformation induced by cytokine genes: a comparison of the
abilities of germline and mutated interleukin 3 genes to transform hematopoietic
cells by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
Cell Growth Differ. 1996 Apr;7(4):487-500.
PMID: 9052990 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12:  Braverman RH, Cooper HL, Lee HS, Prasad GL.
 Anti-oncogenic effects of tropomyosin: isoform specificity and importance of
protein coding sequences.
Oncogene. 1996 Aug 1;13(3):537-45.
PMID: 8760295 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13:  Weitzman JB, Hemler ME, Brodt P.
 Reduction of tumorigenicity by alpha 3 integrin in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell
line.
Cell Adhes Commun. 1996 Jul;4(1):41-52.
PMID: 8870972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14:  Muthuchamy M, Pajak L, Howles P, Doetschman T, Wieczorek DF.
 Developmental analysis of tropomyosin gene expression in embryonic stem cells
and mouse embryos.
Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jun;13(6):3311-23.
PMID: 7684495 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

15:  Davis S, Watson JC.
 In vitro activation of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-dependent
protein kinase PKR by RNA from the 3' untranslated regions of human
alpha-tropomyosin.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jan 9;93(1):508-13.
PMID: 8552671 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

16:  Hamalainen T, Poutanen M, Huhtaniemi I.
 Promoter function of different lengths of the murine luteinizing hormone
receptor gene 5'-flanking region in transfected gonadal cells and in transgenic
mice.
Endocrinology. 2001 Jun;142(6):2427-34.
PMID: 11356691 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

17:  Qing J, Maher VM, Tran H, Argraves WS, Dunstan RW, McCormick JJ.
 Suppression of anchorage-independent growth and matrigel invasion and delayed
tumor formation by elevated expression of fibulin-1D in human
fibrosarcoma-derived cell lines.
Oncogene. 1997 Oct;15(18):2159-68.
PMID: 9393974 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

18:  Fan H, Villegas C, Huang A, Wright JA.
 Suppression of malignancy by the 3' untranslated regions of ribonucleotide
reductase R1 and R2 messenger RNAs.
Cancer Res. 1996 Oct 1;56(19):4366-9.
PMID: 8813126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

19:  Wang E, Ma WJ, Aghajanian C, Spriggs DR.
 Posttranscriptional regulation of protein expression in human epithelial
carcinoma cells by adenine-uridine-rich elements in the 3'-untranslated region
of tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA.
Cancer Res. 1997 Dec 1;57(23):5426-33.
PMID: 9393771 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

20:  Rando TA, Blau HM.
 Primary mouse myoblast purification, characterization, and transplantation for
cell-mediated gene therapy.
J Cell Biol. 1994 Jun;125(6):1275-87.
PMID: 8207057 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

21:  Meinnel T, Libri D, Mouly V, Gros D, Fiszman MY, Lemonnier M.
 Tissue-specific transcriptional control of alpha- and beta-tropomyosins in
chicken muscle development.
Dev Biol. 1989 Feb;131(2):430-8.
PMID: 2912802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

22:  Russell JE, Liebhaber SA.
 The stability of human beta-globin mRNA is dependent on structural determinants
positioned within its 3' untranslated region.
Blood. 1996 Jun 15;87(12):5314-23.
PMID: 8652847 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

23:  Zhu Z, Kleeff J, Kayed H, Wang L, Korc M, Buchler MW, Friess H.
 Nerve growth factor and enhancement of proliferation, invasion, and
tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells.
Mol Carcinog. 2002 Nov;35(3):138-47.
PMID: 12410565 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

24:  Manjeshwar S, Branam DE, Lerner MR, Brackett DJ, Jupe ER.
 Tumor suppression by the prohibitin gene 3'untranslated region RNA in human
breast cancer.
Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 1;63(17):5251-6.
PMID: 14500355 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

25:  Gaillard C, Theze N, Hardy S, Allo MR, Ferrasson E, Thiebaud P.
 Alpha-tropomyosin gene expression in Xenopus laevis: differential promoter
usage during development and controlled expression by myogenic factors.
Dev Genes Evol. 1998 Jan;207(7):435-45.
PMID: 9510538 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

26:  Spankuch B, Matthess Y, Knecht R, Zimmer B, Kaufmann M, Strebhardt K.
 Cancer inhibition in nude mice after systemic application of U6 promoter-driven
short hairpin RNAs against PLK1.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Jun 2;96(11):862-72.
PMID: 15173270 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

27:  Zhang S, Lin QD, DI W.
 Suppression of human ovarian carcinoma metastasis by the metastasis-suppressor
gene, BRMS1.
Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006 Mar-Apr;16(2):522-31.
PMID: 16681721 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

28:  Takenaga K, Masuda A.
 Restoration of microfilament bundle organization in v-raf-transformed NRK cells
after transduction with tropomyosin 2 cDNA.
Cancer Lett. 1994 Nov 25;87(1):47-53.
PMID: 7954369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

29:  Schevzov G, Lloyd C, Hailstones D, Gunning P.
 Differential regulation of tropomyosin isoform organization and gene expression
in response to altered actin gene expression.
J Cell Biol. 1993 May;121(4):811-21.
PMID: 8491774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

30:  Sgambato A, Camerini A, Faraglia B, Pavoni E, Montanari M, Spada D, Losasso
C, Brancaccio A, Cittadini A.
 Increased expression of dystroglycan inhibits the growth and tumorigenicity of
human mammary epithelial cells.
Cancer Biol Ther. 2004 Oct;3(10):967-75. Epub 2004 Oct 2.
PMID: 15467432 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

31:  Zhang F, Lee J, Lu S, Pettaway CA, Dong Z.
 Blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling suppresses progression of
androgen-independent human prostate cancer in nude mice.
Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 15;11(12):4512-20.
PMID: 15958637 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

32:  Watts RG, Ben-Ari ET, Bernstein LR, Birrer MJ, Winterstein D, Wendel E,
Colburn NH.
 c-jun and multistage carcinogenesis: association of overexpression of
introduced c-jun with progression toward a neoplastic endpoint in mouse JB6
cells sensitive to tumor promoter-induced transformation.
Mol Carcinog. 1995 May;13(1):27-36.
PMID: 7766308 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

33:  Girjes AA, Keriakous D, Cockerill GW, Hayward IP, Campbell GR, Campbell JH.

 Cloning of a differentially expressed tropomyosin isoform from cultured rabbit
aortic smooth muscle cells.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2002 May;34(5):505-15.
PMID: 11906821 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

34:  Nakashiro K, Kawamata H, Hino S, Uchida D, Miwa Y, Hamano H, Omotehara F,
Yoshida H, Sato M.
 Down-regulation of TSC-22 (transforming growth factor beta-stimulated clone 22)
markedly enhances the growth of a human salivary gland cancer cell line in vitro
and in vivo.
Cancer Res. 1998 Feb 1;58(3):549-55.
PMID: 9458104 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

35:  Kobayashi M, Yamauchi Y, Yamaguchi K, Tanaka A.
 Transient expression assay for antisense RNAs using episomal replication of
plasmids: effective reduction of retinoblastoma gene (Rb-1) product by its
antisense RNA complementary to 3'-untranslated region.
Antisense Res Dev. 1995 Summer;5(2):141-8.
PMID: 7580118 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

36:  Hardy S, Hamon S, Cooper B, Mohun T, Thiebaud P.
 Two skeletal alpha-tropomyosin transcripts with distinct 3'UTR have different
temporal and spatial patterns of expression in the striated muscle lineages of
Xenopus laevis.
Mech Dev. 1999 Sep;87(1-2):199-202.
PMID: 10495287 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

37:  Abounader R, Ranganathan S, Lal B, Fielding K, Book A, Dietz H, Burger P,
Laterra J.
 Reversion of human glioblastoma malignancy by U1 small nuclear RNA/ribozyme
targeting of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor and c-met expression.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Sep 15;91(18):1548-56. Erratum in: J Natl Cancer Inst
2000 Jan 5;92(1):78.
PMID: 10491431 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

38:  Chastagner P, Moreau JL, Jacques Y, Tanaka T, Miyasaka M, Kondo M, Sugamura
K, Theze J.
 Lack of intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 receptor in mice leads to
dependence on interleukin-2 receptor alpha, beta and gamma chain expression for
T cell growth.
Eur J Immunol. 1996 Jan;26(1):201-6.
PMID: 8566067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

39:  Nagaraja GM, Kandpal RP.
 Chromosome 13q12 encoded Rho GTPase activating protein suppresses growth of
breast carcinoma cells, and yeast two-hybrid screen shows its interaction with
several proteins.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jan 16;313(3):654-65.
PMID: 14697242 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

40:  Temm-Grove CJ, Guo W, Helfman DM.
 Low molecular weight rat fibroblast tropomyosin 5 (TM-5): cDNA cloning,
actin-binding, localization, and coiled-coil interactions.
Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1996;33(3):223-40.
PMID: 8674141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

41:  Manjeshwar S, Lerner MR, Zang XP, Branam DE, Pento JT, Lane MM, Lightfoot
SA, Brackett DJ, Jupe ER.
 Expression of prohibitin 3' untranslated region suppressor RNA alters
morphology and inhibits motility of breast cancer cells.

J Mol Histol. 2004 Aug;35(6):639-46.
PMID: 15614618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

42:  Li D, Noyes I, Shuler C, Milo GE.
 Cloning and sequencing of CATR1.3, a human gene associated with tumorigenic
conversion.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 3;92(14):6409-13.
PMID: 7604004 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

43:  Ewing CM, Ru N, Morton RA, Robinson JC, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR, Barrett
JC, Isaacs WB.
 Chromosome 5 suppresses tumorigenicity of PC3 prostate cancer cells:
correlation with re-expression of alpha-catenin and restoration of E-cadherin
function.
Cancer Res. 1995 Nov 1;55(21):4813-7.
PMID: 7585512 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

44:  Aebersold DM, Banholzer R, Backenstoss V, Hirsch HH, Moroni C.
 V-Ha-ras-dependent expression of interleukin-3 mRNA in premalignant PB-3c mast
cells correlates with the formation of tumors without interleukin-3 gene
rearrangements.
Exp Hematol. 1997 May;25(5):395-404.
PMID: 9168061 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

45:  Liu DG, Jiang QH, Wei YY, Sun L, Fu BB, Zhao FK, Zhou Q.
 Gene expression profile favoring phenotypic reversion: a clue for mechanism of
tumor suppression by NF-IL6 3'UTR.
Cell Res. 2003 Dec;13(6):509-14.
PMID: 14728809 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

46:  Landuzzi L, Frabetti F, Rossi I, Griffoni C, De Giovanni C, Nicoletti G,
Nanni P, Miniero R, Palmieri G, Santoni A, Lollini PL.
 Expression of transduced carcinoembryonic antigen gene in human
rhabdomyosarcoma inhibits metastasis.
Cancer Res. 1996 Oct 1;56(19):4503-8.
PMID: 8813148 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

47:  Neve RL, Ivins KJ, Tsai KC, Rogers SL, Perrone-Bizzozero NI.
 cis-acting regulatory elements in the GAP-43 mRNA 3'-untranslated region can
function in trans to suppress endogenous GAP-43 gene expression.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1999 Feb 19;65(1):52-60.
PMID: 10036307 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

48:  Huang F, Newman E, Theodorescu D, Kerbel RS, Friedman E.
 Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is an autocrine positive
regulator of colon carcinoma U9 cells in vivo as shown by transfection of a TGF
beta 1 antisense expression plasmid.
Cell Growth Differ. 1995 Dec;6(12):1635-42.
PMID: 9019169 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

49:  Duddy SK, Earp HS, Russell WE, Smith GJ, Grisham JW.
 Differential dependence of the tumorigenicity of chemically transformed rat
liver epithelial cells on autocrine production of transforming growth factor
alpha.
Cell Growth Differ. 1995 Mar;6(3):251-61.
PMID: 7794793 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

50:  Burfeind P, Chernicky CL, Rininsland F, Ilan J, Ilan J.
 Antisense RNA to the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor suppresses
tumor growth and prevents invasion by rat prostate cancer cells in vivo.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 9;93(14):7263-8.
PMID: 8692980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

51:  Daigneault L, Beaulieu R, Filion M, Gaboury L, Royal A, Babai F.
 Cloning and identification of genes differentially expressed in metastatic and
non-metastatic rat rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines.
Clin Exp Metastasis. 1995 Sep;13(5):345-56.
PMID: 7543834 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

52:  Tada A, Kato H, Hasegawa S.
 Antagonistic effect of EGF against TGF beta1 on transformed phenotype and
tropomyosin expression of human lung carcinoma A549 cells.
Oncol Rep. 2000 Nov-Dec;7(6):1323-6.
PMID: 11032937 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

53:  Baselga J, Maerz WJ, Moy D, Miller WH Jr, Castro L, Reuter VE, Yao TJ,
Masui H, Dmitrovsky E.
 Over-expression of transforming growth factor alpha antagonizes the
anti-tumorigenic but not the differentiation actions of retinoic acid in a human
teratocarcinoma cell.
Oncogene. 1993 Dec;8(12):3257-63.
PMID: 8247529 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

54:  Zhau HY, Zhou J, Symmans WF, Chen BQ, Chang SM, Sikes RA, Chung LW.
 Transfected neu oncogene induces human prostate cancer metastasis.
Prostate. 1996 Feb;28(2):73-83.
PMID: 8604395 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

55:  Huang RP, Darland T, Okamura D, Mercola D, Adamson ED.
 Suppression of v-sis-dependent transformation by the transcription factor,
Egr-1.
Oncogene. 1994 May;9(5):1367-77.
PMID: 8152797 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

56:  Mitra SK, Swarup G.
 Inhibition of anchorage-independent cell growth, adhesion, and cyclin D1 gene
expression by a dominant negative mutant of a tyrosine phosphatase.
Exp Cell Res. 2001 Oct 15;270(1):32-44.
PMID: 11597125 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

57:  Keirsebilck A, Van Hoorde L, Gao Y, De Bruyne G, Bruyneel E, Vermassen P,
Mareel M, van Roy F.
 Mechanisms of downregulation of transfected E-cadherin cDNA during formation of
invasive tumors in syngeneic mice.
Invasion Metastasis. 1998;18(1):44-56.
PMID: 10207250 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

58:  Han R, Cladel NM, Reed CA, Christensen ND.
 Characterization of transformation function of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus
E5 and E8 genes.
Virology. 1998 Nov 25;251(2):253-63.
PMID: 9837789 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

59:  Shields JM, Mehta H, Pruitt K, Der CJ.
 Opposing roles of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38
mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in Ras-mediated downregulation of
tropomyosin.
Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Apr;22(7):2304-17.
PMID: 11884615 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

60:  Deguchi Y, Kehrl JH.
 High level expression of the homeobox gene HB24 in a human T-cell line confers
the ability to form tumors in nude mice.
Cancer Res. 1993 Jan 15;53(2):373-7.
PMID: 8093351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

61:  Wickstrom E.
 Oligonucleotide treatment of ras-induced tumors in nude mice.
Mol Biotechnol. 2001 May;18(1):35-55. Review.
PMID: 11439698 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

62:  Su Z, Goldstein NI, Fisher PB.
 Antisense inhibition of the PTI-1 oncogene reverses cancer phenotypes.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 17;95(4):1764-9.
PMID: 9465091 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

63:  Fang HL, L'Ecuyer TJ.
 Protein binding by the 3' untranslated region of alpha-striated tropomyosin.
Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Jul;70(3):224-34.
PMID: 10924278 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

64:  Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Tanaka Y, Hirashima Y, Kanayama N, Takei Y, Saga Y,
Suzuki M, Itoh H, Terao T.
 Suppression of invasion and peritoneal carcinomatosis of ovarian cancer cell
line by overexpression of bikunin.
Int J Cancer. 2003 Apr 10;104(3):289-302.
PMID: 12569552 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

65:  Gupta MP, Wiesner RJ, Mouly V, Zak R, Lemonnier M.
 Denervated chicken breast muscle displays discoordinate regulation and
differential patterns of expression of alpha f and beta tropomyosin genes.
J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 1993 Aug;14(4):377-84.

PMID: 8227295 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

66:  Tansey T, Schultz JR, Miller RC, Storti RV.
 Small differences in Drosophila tropomyosin expression have significant effects
on muscle function.
Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Dec;11(12):6337-42.
PMID: 1719381 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

67:  Moss M, Schwartz R.
 Regulation of tropomyosin gene expression during myogenesis.
Mol Cell Biol. 1981 Mar;1(3):289-301.
PMID: 6086009 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

68:  Gimona M, Kazzaz JA, Helfman DM.
 Forced expression of tropomyosin 2 or 3 in v-Ki-ras-transformed fibroblasts
results in distinct phenotypic effects.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9618-23.
PMID: 8790379 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

69:  Valve EM, Ruohola JK, Tasanen MJ, Glover JF, Darbre PD, Harkonen PL.
 Expression of the androgen-dependent MMTV-specific orf gene in Shionogi 115
mouse mammary tumor cells.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Nov;78(5):389-400.
PMID: 11738549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

70:  Novy RE, Lin JL, Lin CS, Lin JJ.
 Human fibroblast tropomyosin isoforms: characterization of cDNA clones and
analysis of tropomyosin isoform expression in human tissues and in normal and
transformed cells.
Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1993;25(3):267-81.
PMID: 7916663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

71:  Cattini PA, Jin Y, Sheikh F.
 Detection of 28S RNA with the FGF-2 cDNA at high stringency through related
G/C-rich sequences.
Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 Dec;189(1-2):33-9.
PMID: 9879651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

72:  Rao VN, Shao N, Ahmad M, Reddy ES.
 Antisense RNA to the putative tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 transforms mouse
fibroblasts.
Oncogene. 1996 Feb 1;12(3):523-8.
PMID: 8637708 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

73:  Chang LC, Huang CH, Cheng CH, Chen BH, Chen HC.
 Differential effect of the focal adhesion kinase Y397F mutant on
v-Src-stimulated cell invasion and tumor growth.
J Biomed Sci. 2005;12(4):571-85. Epub 2005 Nov 10.
PMID: 16132110 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

74:  Croci S, Strippoli P, Bonsi L, Bagnara GP, Guizzunti G, Sartini R, Tonelli
R, Messina C, Pierdomenico L, Lollini PL.
 Expression of T cell receptor alpha gene (TCRA) in human rhabdomyosarcoma and
other musculo-skeletal sarcomas.
Gene. 2005 Jun 20;353(1):16-22.
PMID: 15935573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

75:  Pret AM, Fiszman MY.
 Sequence divergence associated with species-specific splicing of the nonmuscle
beta-tropomyosin alternative exon.
J Biol Chem. 1996 May 10;271(19):11511-7.
PMID: 8626711 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

76:  Kislauskis EH, Li Z, Singer RH, Taneja KL.
 Isoform-specific 3'-untranslated sequences sort alpha-cardiac and
beta-cytoplasmic actin messenger RNAs to different cytoplasmic compartments.
J Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;123(1):165-72. Erratum in: J Cell Biol 1993 Dec;123(6 Pt
2):following 1907.
PMID: 8408195 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

77:  Caulin C, Lopez-Barcons L, Gonzales-Garrigues M, Navarro P, Lozano E,
Rodrigo I, Gamallo C, Cano A, Fabra A, Quintanilla M.
 Suppression of the metastatic phenotype of a mouse skin carcinoma cell line
independent of E-cadherin expression and correlated with reduced Ha-ras oncogene
products.
Mol Carcinog. 1996 Feb;15(2):104-14.
PMID: 8599577 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

78:  Chen FY, Amara FM, Wright JA.
 Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase R1 mRNA stability under normal and phorbol
ester stimulating conditions: involvement of a cis-trans interaction at the 3'
untranslated region.
EMBO J. 1993 Oct;12(10):3977-86.
PMID: 8404864 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

79:  Brummelkamp TR, Bernards R, Agami R.
 Stable suppression of tumorigenicity by virus-mediated RNA interference.
Cancer Cell. 2002 Sep;2(3):243-7.
PMID: 12242156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

80:  Tada A, Kato H, Takenaga K, Hasegawa S.
 Transforming growth factor beta1 increases the expressions of high molecular
weight tropomyosin isoforms and vinculin and suppresses the transformed
phenotypes in human lung carcinoma cells.
Cancer Lett. 1997 Dec 16;121(1):31-7.
PMID: 9459171 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

81:  Wilson GM, Deeley RG.
 An episomal expression vector system for monitoring sequence-specific effects
on mRNA stability in human cell lines.
Plasmid. 1995 May;33(3):198-207.
PMID: 7568467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

82:  Kawamata H, Kameyama S, Oyasu R.
 In vitro and in vivo acceleration of the neoplastic phenotype of a
low-tumorigenicity rat bladder carcinoma cell line by transfected transforming
growth factor-alpha.
Mol Carcinog. 1994 Apr;9(4):210-9.
PMID: 8148054 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

83:  Sun Y, Kim H, Parker M, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Colburn NH.
 Lack of suppression of tumor cell phenotype by overexpression of TIMP-3 in
mouse JB6 tumor cells identification of a transfectant with increased
tumorigenicity and invasiveness.
Anticancer Res. 1996 Jan-Feb;16(1):1-7.
PMID: 8615593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

84:  Zhang J, Ren H, Yuan P, Lang W, Zhang L, Mao L.
 Down-regulation of hepatoma-derived growth factor inhibits
anchorage-independent growth and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells.
Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 1;66(1):18-23.
PMID: 16397209 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

85:  Ziober BL, Willson JK, Hymphrey LE, Childress-Fields K, Brattain MG.
 Autocrine transforming growth factor-alpha is associated with progression of
transformed properties in human colon cancer cells.
J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 5;268(1):691-8.
PMID: 8416972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

86:  Zeiger MA, Saji M, Caturegli P, Westra WH, Kohn LD, Levine MA.
 Transformation of rat thyroid follicular cells stably transfected with cholera
toxin A1 fragment.
Endocrinology. 1996 Dec;137(12):5392-9.
PMID: 8940362 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

87:  Horikawa I, Tanaka H, Yuasa Y, Suzuki M, Shimizu M, Oshimura M.
 Forced expression of YL-1 protein suppresses the anchorage-independent growth
of Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed NIH3T3 cells.
Exp Cell Res. 1995 Sep;220(1):11-7.
PMID: 7664828 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

88:  Kashiwada K, Nishida W, Hayashi K, Ozawa K, Yamanaka Y, Saga H, Yamashita
T, Tohyama M, Shimada S, Sato K, Sobue K.
 Coordinate expression of alpha-tropomyosin and caldesmon isoforms in
association with phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells.
J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 13;272(24):15396-404.
PMID: 9182570 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

89:  Lai PF, Mohamed F, Monge JC, Stewart DJ.
 Downregulation of eNOS mRNA expression by TNFalpha: identification and
functional characterization of RNA-protein interactions in the 3'UTR.
Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Jul 1;59(1):160-8.
PMID: 12829187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

90:  Yasuda S, Wada S, Arao Y, Kogawa M, Kayama F, Katayama S.
 Interaction between 3' untranslated region of calcitonin receptor messenger
ribonucleic acid (RNA) and adenylate/uridylate (AU)-rich element binding
proteins (AU-rich RNA-binding factor 1 and Hu antigen R).
Endocrinology. 2004 Apr;145(4):1730-8. Epub 2004 Jan 8.
PMID: 14715706 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

91:  Peng B, Fleming JB, Breslin T, Grau AM, Fojioka S, Abbruzzese JL, Evans DB,
Ayers D, Wathen K, Wu T, Robertson KD, Chiao PJ.
 Suppression of tumorigenesis and induction of p15(ink4b) by Smad4/DPC4 in human
pancreatic cancer cells.
Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Nov;8(11):3628-38.
PMID: 12429655 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

92:  Skonier J, Bennett K, Rothwell V, Kosowski S, Plowman G, Wallace P,
Edelhoff S, Disteche C, Neubauer M, Marquardt H, et al.
 beta ig-h3: a transforming growth factor-beta-responsive gene encoding a
secreted protein that inhibits cell attachment in vitro and suppresses the
growth of CHO cells in nude mice.
DNA Cell Biol. 1994 Jun;13(6):571-84.
PMID: 8024701 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

93:  Kim PN, Jonasch E, Mosterman BC, Mier JW, Janssen RA.
 Radicicol suppresses transformation and restores tropomyosin-2 expression in
both ras- and MEK-transformed cells without inhibiting the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling
cascade.
Cell Growth Differ. 2001 Nov;12(11):543-50.
PMID: 11714635 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

94:  Miyado K, Kimura M, Taniguchi S.
 Decreased expression of a single tropomyosin isoform, TM5/TM30nm, results in
reduction in motility of highly metastatic B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Aug 14;225(2):427-35.
PMID: 8753779 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

95:  Platica M, Ivan E, Chen S, Holland JF, Gil J, Mandeli J, Platica O.
 Stable lower PAR expression decreased DU145 prostate cancer cell growth in SCID
mice.
Prostate. 2001 Nov 1;49(3):200-7.
PMID: 11746265 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

96:  Hales KH, Meredith JE, Storti RV.
 Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of maternal and zygotic
cytoskeletal tropomyosin mRNA during Drosophila development correlates with
specific morphogenic events.
Dev Biol. 1994 Oct;165(2):639-53.
PMID: 7958428 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

97:  Shen ZY, Xu LY, Li C, Cai WJ, Shen J, Chen JY, Zeng Y.
 A comparative study of telomerase activity and malignant phenotype in
multistage carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells induced by human
papillomavirus.
Int J Mol Med. 2001 Dec;8(6):633-9.
PMID: 11712078 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

98:  Kerr M, Fischer JE, Purushotham KR, Gao D, Nakagawa Y, Maeda N, Ghanta V,
Hiramoto R, Chegini N, Humphreys-Beher MG.
 Characterization of the synthesis and expression of the GTA-kinase from
transformed and normal rodent cells.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Aug 2;1218(3):375-87.
PMID: 8049264 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

99:  Haider SR, Wang W, Kaufman SJ.
 SV40 T antigen inhibits expression of MyoD and myogenin, up-regulates Myf-5,
but does not affect early expression of desmin or alpha 7 integrin during muscle
development.
Exp Cell Res. 1994 Feb;210(2):278-86.
PMID: 7507852 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

100:  Muthuchamy M, Grupp IL, Grupp G, O'Toole BA, Kier AB, Boivin GP, Neumann
J, Wieczorek DF.
 Molecular and physiological effects of overexpressing striated muscle
beta-tropomyosin in the adult murine heart.
J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 22;270(51):30593-603.
PMID: 8530495 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

101:  Carey KA, Segal D, Klein R, Sanigorski A, Walder K, Collier GR,
Cameron-Smith D.
 Identification of novel genes expressed during rhabdomyosarcoma differentiation
using cDNA microarrays.
Pathol Int. 2006 May;56(5):246-55.
PMID: 16669873 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

102:  Babai F, Royal A.
 Rat myoblastic sarcoma cell lines. A model for the study of invasion,
metastasis, and myogenic differentiation.
Lab Invest. 1994 Jun;70(6):907-15.
PMID: 8015294 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

103:  Park ES, You SH, Kim H, Kwon OY, Ro HK, Cho BY, Taniguchi SI, Kohn LD,
Shong M.
 Hormone-dependent regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene
expression: cloning and analysis of 5'-regulatory region of rat intercellular
adhesion molecule-1 gene in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells.
Thyroid. 1999 Jun;9(6):601-12.
PMID: 10411124 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

104:  Gross MM, Janiaud P, Stanbridge EJ.
 Effect of retroviral integration on control of expression of a tumor marker in
HeLa cells.
Mol Carcinog. 1993;8(2):89-95.
PMID: 7691070 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

105:  Shapiro DN, Jones BG, Shapiro LH, Dias P, Houghton PJ.
 Antisense-mediated reduction in insulin-like growth factor-I receptor
expression suppresses the malignant phenotype of a human alveolar
rhabdomyosarcoma.
J Clin Invest. 1994 Sep;94(3):1235-42.
PMID: 8083365 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

106:  Kim CJ, Yoshioka N, Tambe Y, Kushima R, Okada Y, Inoue H.
 Periostin is down-regulated in high grade human bladder cancers and suppresses
in vitro cell invasiveness and in vivo metastasis of cancer cells.
Int J Cancer. 2005 Oct 20;117(1):51-8.
PMID: 15880581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

107:  Barnes D, Clayton L, Chumbley G, MacLeod AR.
 Activation of the trk oncogene by alternatively spliced muscle and non-muscle
tropomyosin sequences.
Oncogene. 1989 Feb;4(2):259-62.
PMID: 2927948 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

108:  Carmon Y, Neuman S, Yaffe D.
 Synthesis of tropomyosin in myogenic cultures and in RNA-directed cell-free
systems: qualitative changes in the polypeptides.
Cell. 1978 Jun;14(2):393-401.
PMID: 667947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

109:  Urbancikova M, Grofova M.
 Quantitative changes of tropomyosin synthesis in RSV-transformed mammalian
cells in comparison with normal fibroblasts.
Neoplasma. 1982;29(6):655-60.
PMID: 6298645 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

110:  Tremblay JP, Roy B, Goulet M.
 Human myoblast transplantation: a simple assay for tumorigenicity.
Neuromuscul Disord. 1991;1(5):341-3.
PMID: 1822344 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

111:  Al-Rubey AK, Chernakova AV, Mosevich TN, Pinchuk VG, Shvemberger IN.
 [Capacity for differentiation and normalization of tumor cell populations in
transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye. III. Rhabdomyosarcoma A-7
clones]
Tsitologiia. 1984 Nov;26(11):1287-94. Russian.
PMID: 6523574 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

112:  Hatakeyama S.
 Morphological changes of myofibril in the carcinogenetic course of
20-methylcholanthrene-induced rhabdomyosarcoma.
Acta Pathol Jpn. 1981 Nov;31(6):1029-43.
PMID: 7315308 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

113:  Al-Rubey AK, Chernskova AV, Pinchuk VG, Shvemberger IN.
 [Capacity for differentiation and normalization of tumor cell populations
transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye. II. Changes in metastasizing
polymorphonuclear rhabdomyosarcoma]
Tsitologiia. 1983 May;25(5):586-92. Russian.
PMID: 6879727 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

114:  Mosevich TN, Shvemberger IN.
 [Electron microscopic study of differentiation in rhabdomyoblast clone lines]
Tsitologiia. 1980 Oct;22(10):1157-62. Russian.
PMID: 7445084 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

115:  Stepan'ian LI, Shvemberger IN, Vakhtin IuB.
 [Variability and selection of clone populations of murine rhabdomyosarcoma in
vivo. IV. Selection in the course of tumor progression]
Tsitologiia. 1980 Jan;22(1):61-7. Russian. No abstract available.
PMID: 7385350 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

116:  Stepan'ian LI, Vakhtin IuB.
 [Heritability of cell size in experimental rhabdomyosarcomas]
Tsitologiia. 1980 Jul;22(7):823-33. Russian.
PMID: 7404662 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

117:  Chu-Der OM, Ortwerth BJ.
 Lys-tRNA and cell division. Changes in lys-tRNA during the growth of mouse LM
cells.
Exp Cell Res. 1980 Jul;128(1):159-70. No abstract available.
PMID: 6773785 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

118:  Marin G.
 Origin and rate estimation of the spontaneous loss of anchorage dependence of
growth in BHK21 cells.
Exp Cell Res. 1980 Jan;125(1):31-6. No abstract available.
PMID: 7351218 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

119:  Benecke BJ, Ben-Ze'ev A, Penman S.
 The regulation of RNA metabolism in suspended and reattached
anchorage-dependent 3T6 fibroblasts.
J Cell Physiol. 1980 May;103(2):247-54. No abstract available.
PMID: 6160160 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

120:  MacLeod AR.
 Separation of the mRNAs coding for alpha- and beta-tropomyosin.
FEBS Lett. 1981 Aug 3;130(2):227-9. No abstract available.
PMID: 7286228 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

121:  Vakhtin IuB.
 [Selection in populations of tumorous cells]
Vopr Onkol. 1973;19(4):93-4. Russian. No abstract available.
PMID: 4722831 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]